15th-18th AD

Conquistadors from Spain

At this time, the discoveries taking place overseas , and other nations had heard of the Portuguese expeditions successful . Spaniards are beginning to see an opportunity. Even other nations also tentatively venturing farther from shore. The Spaniards did not want to risk too much , as once the Portuguese Prince Henry " the Navigator " .

Spain's Queen Isabella of Castile visit to her unknown man from Genoa with an interesting plan. It was Christopher Columbus wanted to discover a route to India to the west. Scholars have long considered it a few times and rejected the proposal , but the queen's pleasure in Kryštofovo courage and strong will prevailed. 12 October 1492 sailed to the islands in the Caribbean. Columbus believed until his death in 1506 , it was the eastern part of India . This was one of the events that began with the " Modern Age " .

Portuguese feared that the Spanish colonies in the western side had much , so quickly went expedition with Captain Vasco da Gama to India in the years 1497-1499 . The expedition achieved its objectives , but cost the lives of most sailors. Discoveries and imported goods losses and expenses richly paid .

Before that happened, Spaniards and Portuguese in 1494 wrote " Tordesillaskou agreement " on the division of the world , consecrated by the Pope. Identified in the imaginary boundary at 46 ° W, a line from north to south , about 600 km west of the Cape Verde Islands . It says that the discovered east of that line are Portugal and west of the Spain. A few years later it was also agreed eastern boundary to 134 ° East ( line through New Guinea in Indonesia ) .

In 1497 the Italian Giovanni Caboto discovered North America. In 1500 the Spaniard Vincente Pinzon discovered Brazil , about three months later at the Portuguese expedition landed Pedro Alvares Cabral . The above- mentioned contract have the right to the Portuguese. Another discovery Amerigo Vespucci of Florence found that it was a new continent and not about India. Spaniard Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in 1513 with the expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean . He called it " South Sea " . In the year 1515 the Portuguese discovered the Moluccas , which are too far away . It inspires Ferdinand Magellan , the Portuguese in Spanish service , the question of whether it is closer to the Moluccas by a western route . In the years 1519-1522 executes first ever circumnavigation of the world , unfortunately Magellan on the way home in the Philippines killed . He finished the journey only ship VICTORIA captain Juan Sebastian Elcano . This path has significantly contributed to the revision of geographical and religious knowledge. For the first time gave determine the precise size of the Earth . In 1519, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés entered the land Aztec empire and thus began a period of conquest and colonization of the "New World " .

Spanish colonial empire
*1137/1402 - +1976

COLONY IN EUROPE

COUNTRY
        holding FROM - TO
                A BRIEF HISTORY

The period from the unification of the reconquista of Spain.

Northern Catalonia ( Carcassonne today and Roussillon )
        1137-1659
                Acquired in reconquistaci . Counties Rosselló and Cerdanya connected to Mallorskému Kingdom. 1344 Rosselló and Cerdanya in 1403 handed over to the Crown of Aragon . 1659 was written the Pyrenees peace with the French, who were transferred to the territory .

Counties Provence
        1167-1267
                He received the law of succession Alfons II . Aragon . Lost succession claim French family of Anjou.

Montpellier
        1204-1349
                Obtained a right of succession after the marriage of Peter II . Aragon with Marie of Montpellier. Since 1276 part of the Kingdom of Majorca . James III . Mallorca's territory in 1349 sold France.

Balearic Islands
        1229 -present
                In the years 1229-1235 were conquered by James I. Aragonským . Since 1276 independent Majorcan kingdom of King James II . Majorca . In 1344, incorporated under the Aragonese domination. Now the Balearic Islands autonomous territory in the union with Spain.

Malta
        1282-1530
                Was attached to the crown of Aragon after extrusion Channel domination. Charles V. island Regulations 1525 gave the Knights as a fief . Papal Bull of 1530 finally gave the Hospitallers the island (now known as the Knights of Malta ) .

The Kingdom of Sicily
        1282-1759
                After the revolt against French domination, the Sicilian Vespers Sicily was left to Aragoncům . After writing Rastattského peace was both the left Austria. In 1735 it was provisionally agreed the Peace of Vienna and the territories were returned to Spain. Lost secession of the civil revolts .

The Kingdom of Sardinia
        1297-1714
                Pope Boniface VIII . gave the Crown of Aragon . From 16 century in personal union with Spain. Lost in the War of the Spanish Succession with Austria.

Duchy of Athens
        1311-1388
                The Catalan company it was conquered by the 1311th In 1319 it was annexed to the Duchy Neopatrijskému . In 1388 it was sold to Florence's family Acciainolů .

Neopatrijské Duchy
        1319-1390
                Aragonci territory was conquered and annexed to the Duchy of Athens . In 1390 it was sold to Florence's family Acciainolů .

Corsica
        1325-1453
                King James II . Aragon won the 1297 Corsica as a fief by Pope Boniface VIII . 1325 was subjected to the island. Substitution rule : Genoa from 1347 Aragonci by 1372 the French from 1401, Genoa since 1410 Aragonci since 1419. In 1447 he was ostov halved the southern and northern Aragon janovanskou part . Lost cast Genoese .

Kingdom of Naples
        1442-1759
                Alfonso V of Aragon in 1442 and conquered Naples merged Sicily. After writing Rastattského peace was both the left Austria. In 1735 it was provisionally agreed the Peace of Vienna and the territories were returned to Spain. Lost secession of the civil revolts .
 

The period following the unification of Spain today

Duchy of Milan
        1535-1714
                Acquired inheritance claim of Charles V., who then gave his son Philip II . From 1556 the personal union with Spain. Lost in the War of the Spanish Succession with Austria.

Monaco
        1542-1641
                After printing the Genoese established a protectorate . Lost after the French occupation.

Franche - Comté
        1556-1678
                Acquired inheritance claim. In 1668-1674 occupied by the French. After the signing of the peace Nijmegenského territory was left to the French.

The Spanish Netherlands
        1556-1714
                Acquired inheritance claim. Lost in the War of the Spanish Succession with Austria.

Stato dei Presid (now part of Tuscany in Central Italy with the city of Florence)
        1557-1759
                Since 1522 under the protection of King Charles V. After the conquest of Siena was founded in 1557 the military state . This territory belonged to the island of Elba . In 1707-1735 occupied by the Austrians. After writing the Vienna peace returned to Spain. Lost after leaving Naples, the wars Kingdom.

Portugal
        1580-1640
                Obtained the agreement of a personal union . Loss of the decision of the Portuguese independence.

Elba
        1603-1709
                Obtained after the capture of the port of Porto Azzurro . Lost in the War of the Spanish Succession with Austria, but officially handed over to the Kingdom of Naples until 1714.
 

COLONY IN ATLANTIC

COUNTRY
        holding FROM - TO
                A BRIEF HISTORY

Canary Islands
        1479 -present
                They were discovered in rivers 1.tisíciletí př.n.l. and after them the Romans. Yet attributed to accidental discovery of the islands Lanzarottemu Malocello from Genoa in the 1312th The Spaniards occupied it in 1402 and built the mission. The Treaty of Alcáçovas 1479 admitted ownership Islands Castile. Now they are separate and in union with Spain.
 

Colonies in America

COUNTRY
        holding FROM - TO
                A BRIEF HISTORY

Hispaniola ( today Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
        1492-1795
                Historically, the first overseas colony . Island discovered in 1492 K.Kolumbem . 1697 France had acquired from Spain after the war west half and after the signing of peace Basel in 1795 won the rest of the island. Revolt of black slaves in 1804 gained independence for the island .

Trinidad
        1498-1802
                Island discovered K.Kolumbem 1498 . 1535 was attached to the viceroyalty of New Spain . Occupation of Britain since 1763, was the cause of the war . Losing the war with Britain by writing a so-called Peace of Amiens.

Cayman Islands
        1503-1666
                The islands discovered in 1503 K.Kolumbem . 1535 were connected to the viceroyalty of New Spain . Lost the battle with England. Definitive leaving the island by Spanish settlers to 1670.

Santiago (now Jamaica )
        1509-1655
                The island was discovered and colonized K.Kolumbem 1494 to 1509. 1535 was attached to the viceroyalty of New Spain . Lost the violent occupation of the English.

Spanish Florida
        1513-1819
                She was discovered and occupied conquistador Juan Ponce de León with Anton de Alaminos. 1535 was attached to the viceroyalty of New Spain . During 1763-1784 , the Seven Years War , it was occupied by the British. Abandonment USA after signing Adams - Onis .

Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico and Guatemala )
        1535-1821
                Conqueror Hernán Cortés have undergone 1519-1521 Aztec empire and founded the settlement of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz , it was the first settlement on the continent (now Veracruz ) . 1535 was based viceroyalty of New Spain , which has gradually expanded the territory and Sev already . America outside the American continent as the Philippines , Marianas, Palau , Guam and Northern Borneo . The area is gradually disintegrated in the wars with the other colonial powers , and the sale of the uprisings of the people.

Viceroyalty of Peru (present-day Peru and eight other South American countries)
        1542-1824
                Conqueror Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca empire 1531-1542 , when it was founded colonies . In 1655 the English forcibly occupied part of the colony (today's Mosquito Coast ) . Gradually the smaller separated the viceroyalty : New Granada and Rio de La Plata. Eventually became the independent state of today's Peru.

Viceroyalty of New Granada
        1717-1810
                Spin-off from the viceroyalty of Peru. In the years 1723-1739 was annexed to Peru. States in 1810 originated in Ecuador , Colombia , Panama and Venezuela , and was proclaimed the independence of the new states .

Louisiana (now the U.S. state )
        1762-1800
                Obtained after a skirmish with France. Was incorporated into the viceroyalty of New Spain . France lost returning after diplomatic pressure from Napoleon Bonaparte .

Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata
        1776-1811
                Spin-off from the viceroyalty of Peru. 1811 created state of Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay , and was proclaimed the independence of the new states .

Nootka
        1789-1794
                Territory to southern British Columbia and parts of Washington. Under intense diplomatic pressure from Britain to renounce the Spanish territory .

Colonies in Asia and the Pacific

COUNTRY
        holding FROM - TO
                A BRIEF HISTORY

North Borneo (now part of the State of Brunei )
        1521 - 17.st .
                Appeared Fernão de Magalhães , the entitlement to this area of Spain . Colonized in 1535 and connected to the viceroyalty of New Spain . Lost in the 17th century occupation of Britain .

Guam
        1521-1898
                Appeared Fernão de Magalhães , the entitlement to this area of Spain . Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565 performed occupation and colonization. It was attached to the viceroyalty of New Spain . Later, part of the Spanish East Indies . Lost occupation by U.S. forces during the Spanish -American War.

Carolina ( now part Fedrativních States of Micronesia )
        1525-1899
                The islands appeared Portuguese Diego da Rocha . Next year, Alonso de Salazar explored and colonized the islands . Were attached to the Spanish East Indies. Francesco Lazeane 1686 discovered other islands Carolina. The colony was sold to the German Reich in 1899 and it was incorporated into the German New Guineyi .

Philippines
        1542-1898
                The islands appeared in 1521 Fernão de Magalhães . The Spanish colonized the islands in 1542 and incorporated into the viceroyalty of New Spain . Later, part of the Spanish East Indies . Lost occupation by U.S. forces during the Spanish -American War.

Palau
        1543-1899
                Appeared and took the Ruy Lopez de Villalobos . The islands were colonized in the early 19th century and connected to the Spanish East Indies. The colony was sold to the German Reich in 1899 .

Spanish East Indies (today's northern Borneo , the Philippines, Guam , northern Mariana Islands , Marshall et al, Micronesia, Palau )
        1565-1898
                Also known as Captain-General Philippines (File Capitanía General de las Filipinas ) . This colony was established in 1821 by separating viceroyalty of New Spain , which was also administered . After the collapse of the American colonies in 1822 , the colony was governed directly from Spain. Lost after the Spanish -American War.

Mariana
        1667-1898
                The islands appeared in 1521 Fernão de Magalhães . Spaniards invaded the island and joined the Spanish East Indies. It was named after the islands by the Spanish Queen Maria Anna Habsburg . Lost occupation of the southern part of U.S. troops during the Spanish -American War. The northern part sold to the German Reich and the German were incorporated into New Guineyi .

Colonies in Africa

COUNTRY
        holding FROM - TO
                A BRIEF HISTORY

Melilla ( today the city in Morocco)
        1497-1995
                Conquest by pushing the Berbers and occupied. Since 1995 the autonomous city of Spain .

Plazas de soberanía en el Norte de Africa - the sovereign in North Africa (now the islands off the coast of Morocco )
        16th century -
                Formerly known as África Septentrional Española - Spanish North Africa . The territory was acquired in the late 15th and during the 16th century . In this group , this colonial territories: Islas Chafarinas Archipelago , Isla de Perejil , Peñón de Alhucemas , Isla de Mar, Isla de Tierra , Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , Ceuta and Melilla .

Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (about 15 km east of Gibraltar )
        1504 -present
                The island was conquered by 1504, under the permanent control of Spain from the 1564th He was attached to the Plazas de soberanía en el Norte de Africa . 1934 area swept strong desert storm , which created a sand mound , and the island became a peninsula .

Oran ( City in Algiers )
        1509-1792
                1505-1506 unsuccessful attempts to conquer the city. After the conquest of Spanish administration . 1709 troops occupied the city of the Ottoman Empire. In 1732 it regained the Spaniards . Negotiations for peace with the Ottoman Empire from 1790 , was completed in 1792 by passing Oran Ottoman Empire.

Tripoli (capital of Libya )
        1510-1523
                The town occupied by the Arabs conquered Pedro Navarra . Charles V. him in 1523 as a fief passed Order of St. John . 1551 was conquered and occupied by troops of the Ottoman Turks .

Bejaia (city in Algiers )
        1510-1551
                The port city was conquered by pushing Arabs. Lost the battle with the armies of the Ottoman Turks .

Bizerta (city of Tunis )
        1535-1574
                City of Charles V. conquered Lost invasion troops Ottoman Turks .

Tunis
        1535-1574
                After the occupation of the territory of Charles V. It has established a Spanish protectorate . Loss after occupation by the Ottoman Turks .

Djerba
        1551-1560
                Acquired conquest and pushing the Arabs. Lost in a sea battle with a fleet of Ottoman Turks.

Isla de Perejil (about 5 km east of Gibraltar )
        1668 -present
                Obtained from the Portuguese after the personal union (1640 ) and the signing of the Lisbon peace. He was attached to the Plazas de soberanía en el Norte de Africa . 2002 Agreement between Morocco and the Spanish islands remain militarily used.

Ceuta
        1668 -present
                Obtained from the Portuguese after the personal union (1640 ) and the signing of the Lisbon peace. Since 1994 the autonomous city of Spain .

Spanish Guinea (now Equatorial Guinea )
        1778-1968
                Portuguese colony was ceded Spain. Bioko and Rio Muni were united in 1926 the colony of Spanish Guinea . Lost and nezávisloti announcement of the new state .

Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara)
        1884-1976
                It was first conquered in 1860 and Sidi Ifni 1884 occupied part of Western Sahara. Western Sahara was a Spanish colony connecting Rio de Oro, Sakia al - Hamra and La Agüera into a single unit . From 1946 incorporated into Spanish West Africa. Lost withdrawal of Spanish troops and the occupation of the territory of Morocco and Mauritania. Indigenous peoples have led a guerrilla war against the occupiers . This dispute is not yet resolved.

Spanish Morocco
        1912-1956
                After a conflict with Morocco, Spain and France signed the agreement Fez and established protectorates. 1956 Declaration of Independence and connected to the already independent French Morocco.

Ships

Photo- video gallery: Conquistadors from Spain

Galleon - it was a business or a warship that was used by the end of the 15th century . until the end of the 18th century . The design was based on the Karak was greater, had high sides and a large capacity of up to 1,200 tons . The length was 30-70 mA width of 10-23 m ( 1/3 length). Galeon was normally have rear wall ending so-called " mirror " that Karaka had rarely or not at all . Galleon is also recognized by two very high body called " castles " . Front kastel front of the mast and the other on the rear of the multilevel richly decorated. Another typical feature was a big galleons richly decorated kloun the bow ( ram ) Spanish " Galion " , hence the name of the type of ship galleon . First galleons had four masts with sails, large equipment ( see table). Because galleon was harder to handle , were later built boats just three masts . Masts were composed of three parts , domes and two čnělek , each a yard with a tarp. Celena was blindovou piece of cloth ( see diagram : galleon in the table , gallery) .

The most famous galleon was GOLDEN HIND (formerly PELICAN ) Francis Drake when traveling around the world in 1577-1580 .

War galleons from the mid- 17th century . served as row boats (line of ship ) . They had to over 200 works ( by class ) and the number of crew largest galleons numbered to 400 sailors, not to mention the 200-300 soldiers. Side cannon was on three decks , further aft on two decks and a deck at the bow . The largest cannon was due to their weight placed low as possible, to ensure the ship's stability. For example: ball weighing 15 kg ( 33 pounds caliber ) was dostřelena up to 500 meters . Smaller gauges dostřelily on, but with less damage to the opponent.

During the 16th - 17th century . galleons transported from the "New World" huge cargo of gold , silver and other valuables, which of course attracted corsairs and pirates. This period is known as the " golden era of pirates." Therefore, the huge , slow and clumsy galleons accompanied by smaller vessels such as sloops , brig or frigates . War galleons were used until the late 18th century . , When they were gradually replaced by steam ships.

Photo- video gallery: Conquistadors from Spain

Photo- video gallery: Conquistadors from Spain